Music’s effect on studying is complex and depends on several individual and contextual factors. For some, music can enhance concentration, while for others it may serve as a distraction. One major determinant is working memory capacity. According to Frontiers in Psychology, the brain must process first auditory stimuli before engaging with visual or other inputs, meaning that background music can compete with the primary task. However, individuals with higher working memory capacity still have cognitive resources to focus effectively, and may even benefit from background music as a motivator or mood enhancer. The type of music—such as instrumental or lyrical, upbeat or slow—also plays a role, although findings have been inconsistent. Although classical or upbeat music is most often recommended, the most effective type of music may ultimately depend on the individual (Li and Hu). Other studies have found that “familiar music was associated with faster response times and less frequent mind-wandering episodes than unfamiliar music,” especially during repetitive or mechanical tasks (Kiss and Linnell). For complex tasks that require deep concentration, even subtle background noise can be counterproductive regardless of working memory capacity. In conclusion, the claim that music can help you learn is mostly true, but its effectiveness varies widely based on the individual’s cognitive capacity, the characteristics of the music, and the demands of the task.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5671572/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8357712/
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10044637